E mōhio ana ngā miihini hiko ka tukuna, ka whiwhi hoki ngā pūihi i ngā tohu i roto i te ahua o ngā ngaru o te pūngao hikohiko (EM) e whakaahuatia ana e ngā whārite a Maxwell. Pērā i te maha o ngā kaupapa, ka taea te ako i ēnei whārite, me te horapa, ngā āhuatanga o te hikohikohiko, i ngā taumata rerekē, mai i ngā kupu kounga ki ngā whārite uaua.
He maha ngā āhuatanga o te horapa o te pūngao hikohiko, ko tētahi o ēnei ko te pōraritanga, he rerekē te pānga, te āwangawanga rānei i roto i ngā tono me ā rātou hoahoa pūihi. Ka pā ngā mātāpono taketake o te pōraritanga ki ngā irahiko hikohiko katoa, tae atu ki te RF/ahokore, te pūngao whatu, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono whatu.
He aha te pōraritanga o te pūihi?
I mua i te mārama ki te whakapolarisasi, me mārama tuatahi tātou ki ngā mātāpono taketake o ngā ngaru hikohiko. He mea tito ēnei ngaru i ngā papa hiko (ngā papa E) me ngā papa aukume (ngā papa H) ā, ka neke i te taha kotahi. He poutū ngā papa E me H tetahi ki tetahi, me te taha hoki o te horapa o te ngaru papatahi.
Ko te pōraihana e pā ana ki te papa o te mara-E mai i te tirohanga a te kaituku tohu: mō te pōraihana whakapae, ka neke te mara hiko ki te taha i te papa whakapae, engari mō te pōraihana poutū, ka neke te mara hiko ki runga, ki raro i te papa poutū (pikitia 1).
Pikitia 1: Ko ngā ngaru pūngao hikohiko he mea tito mai i ngā wāhanga o te mara E me te mara H e poutū ana tetahi ki tetahi
Te whakapūtanga rārangi me te whakapūtanga porowhita
Ko ngā aratau whakapolarization e whai ake nei:
I roto i te whakapūtanga raina taketake, he poutū (tūpato) ngā whakapūtanga e rua ka taea tetahi ki tetahi (Pikitia 2). I roto i te ariā, kāore te pūihi whiwhi whakapūtanga whakapae e "kite" i te tohu mai i te pūihi whakapūtanga poutū, me te hurihanga, ahakoa he rite te auau o ngā mahi e rua. Ko te pai ake o te tūnga, ko te nui ake o te tohu ka hopukina, ā, ka whakanuia te whakawhiti pūngao ina ōrite ngā whakapūtanga.
Pikitia 2: E rua ngā kōwhiringa whakapolarisasi e whakaratohia ana e te whakapolarisasi rārangi i ngā koki tika tetahi ki tetahi
Ko te porowhita whakarara o te pūihi he momo porowhita rārangi. Pērā i te porowhita whakapae me te poutū taketake, ka kitea noa iho tēnei porowhita i roto i te taiao whenua. Ko te porowhita whakarara kei te koki o te ±45 nekehanga ki te papa tohutoro whakapae. Ahakoa he momo porowhita rārangi noa iho tēnei, ko te kupu "rārangi" e pā ana ki ngā pūihi porowhita whakapae, poutū rānei.
Ahakoa ētahi ngaronga, ka taea tonu ngā tohu e tukuna ana (e whiwhihia ana rānei) e te pūihi whakarara me ngā pūihi whakapae, poutū rānei anake. He whai hua ngā pūihi whakapae ina kore e mōhiotia te whakarara o tētahi, o ngā pūihi e rua rānei, ina rerekē rānei i te wā e whakamahia ana.
He uaua ake te porowhita porowhita (CP) i te porowhita rārangi. I tēnei aratau, ka huri te porowhita e tohuhia ana e te ira mara E i te horapa o te tohu. Ina hurihia ki te taha matau (e titiro atu ana i te tuku), ka kiia te porowhita porowhita ko te porowhita porowhita matau (RHCP); ina hurihia ki te taha maui, ko te porowhita porowhita maui (LHCP) (Pikitia 3)
Pikitia 3: I roto i te porowhita porowhita, ka huri te ira mara E o te ngaru hikohiko; ka taea tēnei hurihanga mā te ringa matau, mā te ringa maui rānei.
Ko te tohu CP he mea tito mai i ngā ngaru orthogonal e rua e kore e ōrite te āhua. E toru ngā āhuatanga e hiahiatia ana hei whakaputa i tētahi tohu CP. Me tito mai i te mara E ngā wāhanga orthogonal e rua; me 90 nekehanga te rerekētanga o ngā wāhanga e rua i te āhua, ā, me ōrite te kaha. Ko tētahi huarahi māmā ki te whakaputa CP ko te whakamahi i tētahi pūihi porowhita.
Ko te porowhita porowhita (EP) he momo CP. Ko ngā ngaru porowhita porowhita te hua e puta mai ana i ngā ngaru porowhita rārangi e rua, pērā i ngā ngaru CP. Ina honoa ngā ngaru porowhita rārangi e rua e poutū ana tetahi ki tetahi me te kore ōrite te kaha, ka puta he ngaru porowhita porowhita.
Ko te kore ōrite o te pōraritanga i waenga i ngā pūihi ka whakaahuahia e te tauwehenga mate pōraritanga (PLF). Ka whakaatuhia tēnei tawhā i roto i ngā desipere (dB) ā, he pānga o te rerekētanga o te koki pōraritanga i waenga i ngā pūihi tuku me ngā pūihi whiwhi. I roto i te ariā, ka taea e te PLF te awhe mai i te 0 dB (kāore he ngaronga) mō te pūihi tino tika ki te dB mutunga kore (ngaronga mutunga kore) mō te pūihi tino tika.
Heoi, i roto i te ao tūturu, kāore te whakaritenga (te whakaritenga hē rānei) o te pōraihana i te tino tika nā te mea ka taea e te tūranga ā-pūkaha o te pūihi, te whanonga a te kaiwhakamahi, te whakapōturitanga o te hongere, ngā whakaata maha-ara, me ētahi atu āhuatanga te whakapōturitanga koki o te mara hikohiko kua tukuna. I te tīmatanga, ka 10 - 30 dB, neke atu rānei, te " turuturu" o te whakapōraihana whakawhiti tohu mai i te pōraihana orthogonal, ā, i ētahi wā ka nui pea hei whakararuraru i te whakahokinga mai o te tohu e hiahiatia ana.
He rerekē, ko te PLF tuturu mō ngā pūihi e rua kua whakaritea me te pōraritanga tino pai he 10 dB, 20 dB, neke atu rānei, i runga i ngā āhuatanga, ā, ka ārai pea i te whakaora tohu. Arā, ka taea e te pōraritanga whakawhiti kore-whakaaro me te PLF te mahi i ngā taha e rua mā te whakararuraru i te tohu e hiahiatia ana, te whakaiti rānei i te kaha tohu e hiahiatia ana.
He aha koe ka aro ai ki te whakarōpūtanga?
E rua ngā huarahi e mahi ai te whakapōraruraru: ko te pai ake o te tūnga o ngā pūihi e rua, me te ōrite o te whakapōraruraru, ka pai ake te kaha o te tohu e whiwhihia ana. I tetahi atu taha, ko te korenga o te tūnga whakapōraruraru ka uaua ake mō ngā kaiwhiwhi, ahakoa i te hiahia, i te kore rānei i te makona, ki te hopu i te nui o te tohu e hiahiatia ana. I roto i te nuinga o ngā wā, ka whakapēhia e te "hongere" te whakapōraruraru kua tukuna, kāore rānei tetahi, e rua rānei ngā pūihi i te ahunga pumau.
Ko te kōwhiringa o te whakapūtanga hei whakamahi ka whakatauhia i runga i ngā āhuatanga tāutanga, i ngā āhuatanga āhuarangi rānei. Hei tauira, ka pai ake te mahi a te pūihi whakapūtanga whakapae, ā, ka mau tonu tōna whakapūtanga ina tāutahia tata ki te tuanui; i tetahi atu taha, ka pai ake te mahi a te pūihi whakapūtanga poutū, ā, ka mau tonu tōna mahi whakapūtanga ina tāutahia tata ki te pakitara taha.
Ko te pūihi dipole e whakamahia whānuitia ana (he maamaa, he whakapiko rānei) he porowhita whakapae i roto i tōna whakatakotoranga whakairinga "noa" (Pikitia 4) ā, he maha ngā wā ka hurihia kia 90 nekehanga hei whakaaro i te porowhita poutū ina hiahiatia, hei tautoko rānei i tētahi aratau porowhita pai (Pikitia 5).
Pikitia 4: Ko te pūihi dipole ka whakairihia whakapaetia ki runga i tōna pou hei whakarato i te porowhita whakapae.
Pikitia 5: Mō ngā tono e hiahia ana ki te porowhita poutū, ka taea te whakairi i te pūihi dipole ki te wāhi e mau ai te pūihi.
Ko te whakapūtanga poutū he mea whakamahi noa mō ngā reo irirangi pūkoro ringaringa, pērā i ngā mea e whakamahia ana e ngā kaiwhakautu tuatahi, nā te mea he maha ngā hoahoa pūihi reo irirangi whakapūtanga poutū e whakarato ana i te tauira irahiko omnidirectional. Nō reira, kāore e hiahiatia kia hurihia aua pūihi ahakoa te rerekētanga o te ahunga o te reo irirangi me te pūihi.
Ko ngā pūihi auau teitei (HF) 3 - 30 MHz he mea hanga noa hei waea roa noa e herea ana i waenganui i ngā whāriki. Ko tōna roa ka whakatauhia e te roanga ngaru (10 - 100 m). He āhua porotaka whakapae tēnei momo pūihi.
He mea tika kia mōhiotia i tīmata te karangatanga o tēnei roopu reo irirangi ko te "auautanga teitei" i ngā tekau tau ki muri, i te wā i tino teitei ai te 30 MHz. Ahakoa kua tawhito kē tēnei whakaahuatanga ināianei, he tohu mana tēnei nā te International Telecommunications Union, ā, kei te whakamahia whānuitia tonutia.
E rua ngā huarahi hei whakatau i te pōraritanga pai: mā te whakamahi i ngā ngaru whenua mō te tohu poto kaha ake mā ngā taputapu pāho mā te whakamahi i te roopu ngaru reo (MW) 300 kHz - 3 MHz, mā te whakamahi rānei i ngā ngaru rangi mō ngā tawhiti roa mā te Hononga ionosphere. I te nuinga o te wā, he pai ake te horapa o ngā ngaru whenua o ngā pūihi pōraritanga poutū, engari he pai ake te mahi ngaru rangi o ngā pūihi pōraritanga whakapae.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o te porowhita porowhita mō ngā amiorangi nā te mea kei te huri tonu te whakatakotoranga o te amiorangi e pā ana ki ngā teihana whenua me ētahi atu amiorangi. Ka nui rawa te pai o te whai huatanga i waenga i ngā pūihi tuku me ngā pūihi whiwhi ina porowhita te porowhita o ngā mea e rua, engari ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pūihi porowhita rārangi me ngā pūihi CP, ahakoa he tauwehenga ngaronga porowhita.
He mea nui anō hoki te whakapūtanga mō ngā pūnaha 5G. Ka whakapiki ake ētahi huinga pūihi 5G maha-tāuru/maha-putanga (MIMO) i te kaha o te whakawhiti mā te whakamahi i te whakapūtanga hei whakamahi pai ake i te whānuitanga e wātea ana. Ka tutuki tēnei mā te whakamahi i te huinga o ngā whakapūtanga tohu rerekē me te whakapūtanga ā-wāhi o ngā pūihi (kanorau ā-wāhi).
Ka taea e te pūnaha te tuku i ngā awa raraunga e rua nā te mea kua honoa ngā awa raraunga e ngā pūihi motuhake kua whakapōraruhia ā-tikanga, ā, ka taea te whakahoki mai i a rātou anō. Ahakoa he whakapōraru whakawhiti kei te noho mai nā te hē o te ara me te hongere, ngā whakaata, te maha o ngā ara, me ētahi atu hapa, ka whakamahia e te kaiwhiwhi ngā rauropi matatau hei whakahoki mai i ia tohu taketake, ka hua ake he iti ngā reiti hapa moka (BER) ā, ka pai ake te Whakamahinga o te whānuitanga.
hei whakamutunga
Ko te whakapūtanga he āhuatanga nui o te pūihi e warewarehia ana. Ko te whakapūtanga rārangi (tae atu ki te whakapae me te poutū), te whakapūtanga whakarara, te whakapūtanga porowhita me te whakapūtanga porowhita e whakamahia ana mō ngā tono rerekē. Ko te whānuitanga o te mahi RF pito-ki-te-pito ka taea e te pūihi te whakatutuki ka whakawhirinaki ki tōna whakatakotoranga me te whakaritenga. He rerekē ngā whakapūtanga o ngā pūihi paerewa, ā, he pai mō ngā wāhanga rerekē o te whānuitanga, e whakarato ana i te whakapūtanga pai mō te tono ūnga.
Ngā Hua e Manakohia Ana：
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Ngā tawhā | Noa | Ngā Wāhanga |
| Awhe Auautanga | 20-30 | GHz |
| Whiwhi | 15 Momo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Momo | |
| Te whakapolarisasi | Takirua Raina | |
| Wehewehenga Whakawhiti-Porowhita | 60 Tātai. | dB |
| Te Wehenga o te Tauranga | 70 Tātai. | dB |
| Hononga | SMA-Fīmera | |
| Rauemi | Al | |
| Te whakaoti | Peita | |
| Rahi(R*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Taumaha | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Taonga | Whakatakotoranga | Wāhanga |
| Awhe Auautanga | 1-18 | GHz |
| Whiwhi | 10 Momo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Momo | |
| Te whakapolarisasi | Raina | |
| Wehenga Whakawhiti Po. | 30 Tātai. | dB |
| Hononga | SMA-Wahine | |
| Te whakaoti | Pkāore | |
| Rauemi | Al | |
| Rahi(R*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Taumaha | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Ngā tawhā | Noa | Ngā Wāhanga |
| Awhe Auautanga | 2-18 | GHz |
| Whiwhi | 15 Momo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Momo |
|
| Te whakapolarisasi | Takirua Raina |
|
| Wehewehenga Whakawhiti-Porowhita | 40 | dB |
| Te Wehenga o te Tauranga | 40 | dB |
| Hononga | SMA-F |
|
| Te Maimoatanga Mata | Pkāore |
|
| Rahi(R*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Taumaha | 0.945 | kg |
| Rauemi | Al |
|
| Te pāmahana whakahaere | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Ngā tawhā | Noa | Ngā Wāhanga |
| Awhe Auautanga | 93-95 | GHz |
| Whiwhi | 22 Momo. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Momo |
|
| Te whakapolarisasi | Takirua Raina |
|
| Wehewehenga Whakawhiti-Porowhita | 60 Tātai. | dB |
| Te Wehenga o te Tauranga | 67 Taipitopito. | dB |
| Hononga | WR10 |
|
| Rauemi | Cu |
|
| Te whakaoti | Koura |
|
| Rahi(R*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Taumaha | 0.015 | kg |
Wā tuku: 11 Paenga-whāwhā 2024
