Ina tae mai kingā pūihi, ko te pātai e tino āwangawanga ana te tangata ko "Me pēhea te whakatutuki i te irahiko?" Me pēhea te horapa o te mara hikohiko i hangaia e te pūtake tohu mā roto i te raina tuku me roto i te pūihi, ā, i te mutunga ka "wehe" mai i te pūihi hei hanga i tētahi ngaru ātea kore utu.
1. Te irahiko waea kotahi
Me kī tātou ko te mātotoru utu, e whakaaturia ana ko qv (Coulomb/m3), he rite te tohatoha i roto i te waea porowhita me te horahanga whakawhiti o a me te rōrahi o V, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1.
Pikitia 1
Ko te utu katoa Q i roto i te rōrahi V e neke ana i te ahunga z i te tere ōrite Vz (m/s). Ka taea te whakamārama ko te kiato iahiko Jz i runga i te whakawhiti o te waea ko:
Jz = qv vz （1）
Mena he ara iahiko pai te mea i hangaia ai te waea, ko te kiato iahiko Js i runga i te mata o te waea ko:
Js = qs vz （2）
Ko qs te mātotoru o te mata. Mena he tino angiangi te waea (ko te mea pai, ko te radius he 0), ka taea te whakaatu i te iahiko i roto i te waea penei:
Iz = ql vz (3)
Ko te ql (coulomb/mita) te utu mō ia wae roa.
Ko ngā waea angiangi te mea nui ki a mātou, ā, e pā ana ngā whakatau ki ngā take e toru i runga ake nei. Mena he rerekē te iahiko i te wā, ko te pānga o te tātai (3) e pā ana ki te wā koia tēnei:
（4）
Ko az te whakaterenga utu. Mena ko te roa o te waea ko l, ka taea te tuhi i te (4) penei:
（5）
Ko te whārite (5) te whanaungatanga taketake i waenga i te iahiko me te utu, me te whanaungatanga taketake hoki o te irahiko hikohiko. Ki te whakarāpopoto, hei whakaputa i te irahiko, me whai iahiko rerekē-wā, he whakaterenga rānei (he whakahekenga rānei) o te utu. He maha ngā wā ka whakahuatia te iahiko i roto i ngā tono wā-haurua, ā, ko te utu te mea tino whakahuatia i roto i ngā tono tauwhiro. Hei whakaputa i te whakaterenga utu (he whakahekenga rānei), me piko, me whakapiko, me motu te waea. Ina nekeneke te utu i roto i te nekehanga wā-haurua, ka puta hoki he whakaterenga utu ā-wā (he whakahekenga rānei) he iahiko rerekē-wā rānei. Nō reira:
1) Ki te kore te utu e neke, kāore he iahiko, kāore hoki he irahiko.
2) Mena ka neke te utu i te tere pumau:
a. Mena he tika te waea, ā, he mutunga kore te roa, kāore he irahiko.
b. Mena kua piko, kua takai, kua motumotu rānei te waea, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2, kei reira te irahiko.
3) Ki te nekeneke te utu i roto i te wā, ka horapa te utu ahakoa he tika te waea.
Pikitia 2
Ka taea te whiwhi māramatanga kounga mō te tikanga irahiko mā te titiro ki tētahi pūtake pāorooro e hono ana ki tētahi waea tuwhera ka taea te whenua mā roto i tētahi kawenga i tōna pito tuwhera, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 2(d). Ina whakakahangia te waea i te tīmatanga, ka whakaohokia ngā utu (ngā irahiko kore utu) i roto i te waea e ngā rārangi mara hiko i hangaia e te pūtake. I te mea ka tere ake ngā utu i te pito pūtake o te waea, ā, ka whakaroahia (ka tere ake te tere e pā ana ki te nekehanga taketake) ina whakaatahia ki tōna pito, ka puta he mara irahiko i ōna pito me te toenga o te waea. Ka tutuki te whakaterenga o ngā utu mā tētahi pūtake kaha o waho e whakaoho ana i ngā utu, ā, ka puta te mara irahiko e pā ana. Ka tutuki te whakaroa o ngā utu i ngā pito o te waea mā ngā kaha o roto e pā ana ki te mara i whakaohokia, e puta mai ana i te kohikohinga o ngā utu kukū i ngā pito o te waea. Ka whiwhi pūngao ngā kaha o roto mai i te kohikohinga o te utu i te mea ka heke tōna tere ki te kore i ngā pito o te waea. Nō reira, ko te whakateretere o ngā utu nā te whakaoho o te mara hiko me te whakahekenga o ngā utu nā te kore haere tonu, te kōpiko maeneene rānei o te aukati waea, koinei ngā tikanga mō te whakaputa i te irahiko hikohiko. Ahakoa ko te kiato o ia au (Jc) me te kiato utu (qv) he kupu pūtake i roto i ngā whārite a Maxwell, e kiia ana ko te utu he rahinga taketake ake, inā koa mō ngā mara tauwhiti. Ahakoa e whakamahia ana tēnei whakamārama mō te irahiko mō ngā āhua tauwhiti, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei whakamārama i te irahiko āhua pumau.
Tūtohutia ētahi mea tino paingā hua pūihii hangaia eRFMISO:
RM-TCR406.4
RM-BCA082-4（0.8-2GHz)
RM-SWA910-22(9-10GHz)
2. Te irahiko waea-rua
Honoa he pūtake ngaohiko ki tētahi raina tuku hiko e rua-arataki e hono ana ki tētahi pūihi, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3(a). Mā te tāpiri i te ngaohiko ki te raina waea e rua ka puta he āpure hiko i waenganui i ngā arataki. Ka mahi ngā raina āpure hiko ki ngā irahiko kore utu (he ngāwari te wehe atu i ngā ngota) e hono ana ki ia arataki, ā, ka akiaki i a rātou kia neke. Mā te nekehanga o ngā utu ka puta he iahiko, ka puta he āpure aukume.
Pikitia 3
Kua whakaaetia e tātou ka tīmata ngā rārangi papa hiko ki ngā utu pai, ā, ka mutu ki ngā utu kino. Ae, ka taea hoki e rātou te tīmata ki ngā utu pai, ā, ka mutu ki te mutunga kore; ka tīmata rānei ki te mutunga kore, ā, ka mutu ki ngā utu kino; ka hanga rānei i ngā koropiko kati kāore e tīmata, kāore hoki e mutu ki ngā utu. Ka hanga tonu ngā rārangi papa aukume i ngā koropiko kati huri noa i ngā kaiārahi kawe iahiko nā te mea kāore he utu aukume i roto i te ahupūngao. I roto i ētahi tātai pāngarau, ka whakaurua ngā utu aukume ōrite me ngā ia aukume hei whakaatu i te takirua i waenga i ngā otinga e whai wāhi ana ki te mana me ngā pūtake aukume.
Mā ngā rārangi mara hiko i tuhia i waenganui i ngā kaiārahi e rua ka āwhina i te whakaatu i te tohatoha o te utu. Mēnā ka whakaarohia he sinusoidal te pūtake ngaohiko, ka tumanakohia ko te mara hiko i waenganui i ngā kaiārahi he sinusoidal anō hoki me te wā e rite ana ki te pūtake. Ko te rahi whanaunga o te kaha o te mara hiko e tohuhia ana e te kiato o ngā rārangi mara hiko, ā, ko ngā pere e tohu ana i te ahunga whanaunga (pai, kino rānei). Ko te whakaputanga o ngā mara hiko me ngā mara aukume e rerekē ana te wā i waenganui i ngā kaiārahi ka hanga he ngaru hikohiko e horapa ana i te rārangi tuku, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3(a). Ka tomo te ngaru hikohiko ki te pūihi me te utu me te iahiko e rite ana. Mēnā ka tangohia e tātou tētahi wāhanga o te hanganga pūihi, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3(b), ka taea te hanga he ngaru wāhi-kore mā te "hono" i ngā pito tuwhera o ngā rārangi mara hiko (e whakaaturia ana e ngā rārangi iraira). He ā-wā hoki te ngaru wāhi-kore, engari ka neke te pūwāhi āhua-pūmau P0 ki waho i te tere o te mārama, ā, ka haere i te tawhiti o λ/2 (ki P1) i roto i te haurua o te wā. E tata ana ki te pūihi, ka tere ake te neke o te pūwāhi āhua-pūmau P0 i te tere o te mārama, ā, ka whakatata atu ki te tere o te mārama i ngā pūwāhi e tawhiti atu ana i te pūihi. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4 i te tohatoha āpure hiko wāhi-kore o te pūihi λ/2 i t = 0, t/8, t/4, me te 3T/8.
Pikitia 4 Te tohatoha o te mara hiko mokowā kore utu o te pūihi λ/2 i te t = 0, t/8, t/4 me te 3T/8
Kāore i te mōhiotia me pēhea te wehenga o ngā ngaru ārahi mai i te pūihi, ā, i te mutunga ka hangaia hei horapa i te wāhi wātea. Ka taea e tātou te whakarite i ngā ngaru ārahi me ngā ngaru wāhi wātea ki ngā ngaru wai, ka puta mai i te kōhatu i maka ki roto i te wai marino, i ētahi atu huarahi rānei. Kia tīmata te raruraru i roto i te wai, ka puta ngā ngaru wai, ka tīmata te horapa ki waho. Ahakoa ka mutu te raruraru, kāore ngā ngaru e mutu engari ka haere tonu te horapa whakamua. Ki te mau tonu te raruraru, ka puta tonu ngā ngaru hou, ā, ka noho whakamuri te horapa o ēnei ngaru i ngā ngaru kē atu.
He rite anō hoki mō ngā ngaru hikohiko i puta mai i ngā raruraru hiko. Mēnā he poto te roa o te raruraru hiko tuatahi mai i te pūtake, ka horapa ngā ngaru hikohiko i puta mai i roto i te raina tuku, kātahi ka tomo ki te pūihi, ā, ka mutu ka horapa hei ngaru wāhi kore utu, ahakoa kāore te whakaohooho e kitea ana (pērā i ngā ngaru wai me te raruraru i hangaia e rātou). Mēnā he tonu te raruraru hiko, ka noho tonu ngā ngaru hikohiko, ā, ka whai tata mai i muri i a rātou i te wā e horapa ana, e whakaaturia ana i roto i te pūihi biconical e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5. Ina kei roto ngā ngaru hikohiko i ngā raina tuku me ngā pūihi, e pā ana tō rātou noho ki te noho o te utu hiko i roto i te kaiārahi. Heoi, ina horapa ngā ngaru, ka hangaia he porowhita kati, ā, kāore he utu hei pupuri i tō rātou noho. Ka arahina tātou ki te whakatau:
Ko te whakaoho i te mara e hiahia ana ki te whakateretere me te whakaheke tere o te utu, engari ko te pupuri i te mara kāore e hiahia ki te whakateretere me te whakaheke tere o te utu.
Pikitia 5
3. Irahiko Dipole
Ka ngana mātou ki te whakamārama i te tikanga e wehe atu ai ngā aho hiko mai i te pūihi ka hanga i ngā ngaru wāhi-kore, ā, ka tangohia te pūihi dipole hei tauira. Ahakoa he whakamārama māmā noa iho, ka taea hoki e te tangata te kite ā-ringa i te whakaputanga o ngā ngaru wāhi-kore. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6(a) i ngā aho hiko i hangaia i waenga i ngā ringa e rua o te dipole ina neke ngā aho hiko ki waho mā te λ∕4 i te hauwhā tuatahi o te huringa. Mō tēnei tauira, me kī tātou ko te maha o ngā aho hiko i hangaia he 3. I te hauwhā e whai ake nei o te huringa, ka nekehia e ngā aho hiko taketake e toru tētahi atu λ∕4 (he λ∕2 katoa mai i te pūwāhi tīmatanga), ā, ka tīmata te heke o te kiato utu i runga i te kaiārahi. Ka taea te whakaaro kua hangaia mā te whakaurunga o ngā utu rerekē, e whakakore ana i ngā utu i runga i te kaiārahi i te mutunga o te haurua tuatahi o te huringa. Ko ngā aho hiko i hangaia e ngā utu rerekē he 3, ā, ka nekehia he tawhiti o te λ∕4, e tohuhia ana e ngā rārangi iraira i roto i te Pikitia 6(b).
Ko te hua whakamutunga ko te toru ngā rārangi mara hiko e heke ana i te tawhiti tuatahi λ/4, me te maha ōrite o ngā rārangi mara hiko e piki ana i te tawhiti tuarua λ/4. Nā te mea kāore he utu kupenga i runga i te pūihi, me akiaki ngā rārangi mara hiko kia wehea mai i te kaiārahi, ā, me hono tahi hei hanga i tētahi porowhita kati. E whakaaturia ana tēnei i te Pikitia 6(c). I te haurua tuarua, ka whaihia te tukanga ā-tinana kotahi, engari kia mōhio kei te ritenga kē te ahunga. Whai muri i tēnā, ka tuaruatia te tukanga, ā, ka haere tonu mō ake tonu atu, ka hanga he tohatoha mara hiko e rite ana ki te Pikitia 4.
Pikitia 6
Mō ētahi atu kōrero mō ngā antenna, tirohia:
Wā tuku: Pipiri-20-2024
