Ngā Pūrongo - He Arotake i ngā Antenna Raina Tuku Metamaterial

I. Kupu Whakataki
Ko ngā rauemi matū he hanganga hangai hei whakaputa i ētahi āhuatanga hikohiko kāore i te noho maori. Ko ngā rauemi matū he āheinga kino me te uruhanga kino ka kiia ko ngā rauemi matū maui (LHM). Kua rangahauhia whānuitia ngā LHM i roto i ngā hapori pūtaiao me te hangarau. I te tau 2003, i whakaingoatia ngā LHM hei tētahi o ngā putanga pūtaiao tekau o runga o tēnei wā e te maheni Science. Kua whakawhanakehia ngā tono hou, ngā ariā, me ngā taputapu mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā LHM. Ko te huarahi raina tuku (TL) he tikanga hoahoa whai hua ka taea hoki te tātari i ngā mātāpono o ngā LHM. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā TL tuku iho, ko te āhuatanga tino nui o ngā TL rauemi matū ko te kaha ki te whakahaere i ngā tawhā TL (pūmau horapa) me te aukati āhuatanga. Ko te kaha ki te whakahaere i ngā tawhā TL rauemi matū ka whakarato i ngā whakaaro hou mō te hoahoa i ngā hanganga pūihi me te rahi kiato ake, te mahi teitei ake, me ngā mahi hou. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 (a), (b), me te (c) i ngā tauira ara iahiko kore-ngaro o te raina tuku matau parakore (PRH), te raina tuku maui parakore (PLH), me te raina tuku maui-matau whakakotahi (CRLH). E ai ki te Pikitia 1(a), ko te tauira ara iahiko ōrite PRH TL he huinga o te inductance raupapa me te capacitance shunt. E ai ki te Pikitia 1(b), ko te tauira ara iahiko PLH TL he huinga o te inductance shunt me te capacitance raupapa. I roto i ngā tono mahi, kāore e taea te whakatinana i tētahi ara iahiko PLH. Nā ngā pānga inductance raupapa pirinoa me te capacitance shunt tēnei e kore e taea te karo. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga o te raina tuku maui-matau ka taea te whakatutuki i tēnei wā ko ngā hanganga maui-matau whakakotahi katoa, e ai ki te Pikitia 1(c).

Pikitia 1 Ngā tauira ara iahiko raina tuku rerekē

Ko te pūmau horapa (γ) o te raina tuku (TL) ka tatauhia penei: γ=α+jβ=Sqrt(ZY), ko Y me Z te tohu mō te urunga me te aukati. Ina whakaarohia a CRLH-TL, ka taea te whakaatu i a Z me Y penei:

Ko te whanaungatanga marara o tētahi CRLH TL ōrite e whai ake nei:

Ka taea e te pūmau ā-wāhanga β te noho hei tau tūturu, hei tau whakaaro noa rānei. Mena he tino tūturu a β i roto i te awhe auau, he ara whakawhiti kei roto i te awhe auau nā te āhua γ=jβ. I tētahi atu taha, mena he tau whakaaro noa a β i roto i te awhe auau, he ara aukati kei roto i te awhe auau nā te āhua γ=α. He ahurei tēnei ara aukati ki a CRLH-TL, ā, kāore i roto i te PRH-TL, i te PLH-TL rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā Pikitia 2 (a), (b), me te (c) i ngā ānau marara (arā, te whanaungatanga ω - β) o PRH-TL, PLH-TL, me te CRLH-TL. I runga i ngā ānau marara, ka taea te whakaputa me te whakatau tata i te tere rōpū (vg=∂ω/∂β) me te tere ā-wāhanga (vp=ω/β) o te raina tuku. Mō PRH-TL, ka taea hoki te whakatau mai i te ānau he whakarara a vg me vp (arā, vpvg>0). Mō te PLH-TL, e whakaatu ana te kōpiko kāore a vg me vp e whakarara (arā, vpvg<0). E whakaatu ana hoki te kōpiko marara o CRLH-TL i te noho o te rohe LH (arā, vpvg < 0) me te rohe RH (arā, vpvg > 0). E kitea ana i te Pikitia 2(c), mō te CRLH-TL, mēnā he tau tūturu parakore a γ, he awhi mutu kei reira.

Pikitia 2 Ngā ānau marara o ngā raina tuku rerekē

I te nuinga o te wā, he rerekē ngā auautanga raupapa me ngā auautanga whakarara o te CRLH-TL, e kiia ana he āhua kore taurite. Heoi, ina rite ngā auautanga raupapa me ngā auautanga whakarara, ka kiia he āhua taurite, ā, ko te tauira ara iahiko ōrite kua whakamāmāhia ka whakaaturia i te Pikitia 3(a).

Pikitia 3 Tauira ara iahiko me te pihi marara o te raina tuku maui hiato

I te pikinga ake o te auau, ka piki haere ngā āhuatanga marara o CRLH-TL. Nā te mea ka whakawhirinaki te tere o te wāhanga (arā, vp=ω/β) ki te auau. I ngā auau iti, ko te LH te rangatira o CRLH-TL, i ngā auau teitei, ko te RH te rangatira o CRLH-TL. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te āhua takirua o CRLH-TL. Kei te whakaatuhia te tūtohi marara taurite CRLH-TL i te Pikitia 3(b). E ai ki te Pikitia 3(b), ka puta te whakawhiti mai i te LH ki te RH i:

Ko ω0 te auau whakawhiti. Nō reira, i roto i te take taurite, ka puta he whakawhiti maeneene mai i te LH ki te RH nā te mea he tau pohewa noa iho a γ. Nō reira, kāore he arai aukati mō te marara CRLH-TL taurite. Ahakoa he kore te β i te ω0 (mutunga kore e pā ana ki te roangaru ārahi, arā, λg=2π/|β|), ka horapa tonu te ngaru nā te mea ehara a vg i te ω0 i te kore. Waihoki, i te ω0, he kore te nekehanga ā-wāhanga mō te TL o te roa d (arā, φ= - βd=0). Ka puta te nekehanga ā-wāhanga (arā, φ>0) i te awhe auau LH (arā, ω<ω0), ā, ka puta te whakaroa ā-wāhanga (arā, φ<0) i te awhe auau RH (arā, ω>ω0). Mō te CRLH TL, ka whakaahuahia te aukati āhuatanga penei:

Ko ZL me ZR ngā ārai PLH me PRH, ia. Mō te take kore taurite, ko te ārai āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te auau. E whakaatu ana te whārite i runga ake nei he motuhake te take taurite i te auau, nō reira ka taea e ia te whai i tētahi taurite whānui. He rite te whārite TL i ahu mai i runga ake nei ki ngā tawhā hanga e tautuhi ana i te rauemi CRLH. Ko te pūmau horapa o TL ko γ=jβ=Sqrt(ZY). I runga i te pūmau horapa o te rauemi (β=ω x Sqrt(εμ)), ka taea te whiwhi i te whārite e whai ake nei:

Waihoki, ko te ārai āhuatanga o TL, arā, Z0=Sqrt(ZY), he rite ki te ārai āhuatanga o te rauemi, arā, η=Sqrt(μ/ε), e whakaatuhia ana penei:

Kei te Whakaahua 4 te taupū whakaata o te CRLH-TL taurite me te kore taurite (arā, n = cβ/ω). I te Whakaahua 4, he kino te taupū whakaata o te CRLH-TL i tōna awhe LH, ā, he pai te taupū whakaata i tōna awhe RH.

Pikitia 4 Ngā tātaitai whakaata noa o ngā CRLH TL taurite me ngā CRLH TL kore taurite.

1. Whatunga LC
Mā te whakarōpū i ngā pūtau LC bandpass e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5(a), ka taea te hanga i tētahi CRLH-TL noa me te ōritetanga whai hua o te roa d i ia wā, i ia wā rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, kia pai ai te tatau me te hanga i te CRLH-TL, me ia wā te ara iahiko. Ki te whakatauritea ki te tauira o te Pikitia 1(c), kāore he rahi o te pūtau ara iahiko o te Pikitia 5(a), ā, he tino iti te roa ā-tinana (arā, Δz i roto i ngā mita). Ina whakaarohia tōna roa hiko θ=Δφ (rad), ka taea te whakaatu i te wāhanga o te pūtau LC. Heoi, kia tino kitea ai te inductance me te capacitance e whakamahia ana, me whakatū he roa ā-tinana p. Ka pā te whiriwhiri i te hangarau tono (pēnei i te microstrip, te coplaner waveguide, ngā wāhanga whakairi mata, me ētahi atu) ki te rahi ā-tinana o te pūtau LC. He rite te pūtau LC o te Pikitia 5(a) ki te tauira pikinga o te Pikitia 1(c), ā, ko tōna rohe p=Δz→0. E ai ki te tikanga ōritetanga p→0 i te Pikitia 5(b), ka taea te hanga i tētahi TL (mā te whakarōpū i ngā pūtau LC) he rite ki tētahi CRLH-TL ōrite pai me te roa d, kia āhua ōrite ai te TL ki ngā ngaru hikohiko.

Ahua 5 CRLH TL i runga i te whatunga LC.

Mō te pūtau LC, i runga i ngā tikanga rohe ā-wā (PBC) e rite ana ki te ariā Bloch-Floquet, ka whakamātauhia te whanaungatanga marara o te pūtau LC, ā, ka whakaaturia penei:

Ko te aukati raupapa (Z) me te urunga shunt (Y) o te pūtau LC ka whakatauhia e ngā whārite e whai ake nei:

Nā te mea he iti rawa te roa hiko o te ara iahiko LC, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakatau tata a Taylor hei whiwhi:

2. Te Whakatinanatanga ā-Tino
I te wāhanga o mua, kua kōrerohia te whatunga LC hei whakaputa i te CRLH-TL. Ka taea anake te whakatinana i ēnei whatunga LC mā te tango i ngā wāhanga ā-tinana ka taea te whakaputa i te kaha e hiahiatia ana (CR me te CL) me te inductance (LR me te LL). I ngā tau tata nei, kua nui te aro ki te whakamahinga o ngā wāhanga maramara hangarau whakairi mata (SMT) me ngā wāhanga tohatoha. Ka taea te whakamahi i te microstrip, stripline, coplanar waveguide, me ētahi atu hangarau rite hei whakatinana i ngā wāhanga tohatoha. He maha ngā mea hei whakaaro i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā maramara SMT, i ngā wāhanga tohatoha rānei. He mea noa ake, he māmā ake hoki te whakatinana i ngā hanganga CRLH e hangai ana ki te SMT i runga i te tātari me te hoahoa. Nā te wātea o ngā wāhanga maramara SMT kua oti te hanga, kāore e hiahiatia he whakahou me te hanga i whakaritea ki ngā wāhanga tohatoha. Heoi, he marara te wātea o ngā wāhanga SMT, ā, he maha ngā wā ka mahi noa i ngā auau iti (arā, 3-6GHz). Nō reira, he iti noa ngā awhe auau whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga wāhanga motuhake o ngā hanganga CRLH e hangai ana ki te SMT. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā tono hihi, kāore pea e taea te whakamahi i ngā wāhanga maramara SMT. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6 i tētahi hanganga tohatoha i runga i te CRLH-TL. Ka whakatinanahia te hanganga e te kaha ā-matihiko me ngā raina ara iahiko-poto, ka hanga i te kaha raupapa CL me te kaha whakarara LL o LH. Ko te kaha i waenga i te raina me te GND e kiia ana ko te kaha RH CR, ā, ko te kaha i hangaia e te rerenga aukume i hangaia e te rere o te iahiko i roto i te hanganga ā-matihiko e kiia ana ko te kaha RH LR.